Death Care Law Blog : Kansas Death Care and Preneed Lawyer & Attorney : Stalter Legal Services Law Firm : Funeral Law, Elder Law : Kansas City

The monks of St. Joseph Abbey received good news in their battle to sell caskets when a Federal appeals court affirmed a lower court’s decision that struck down a Louisiana law that would have required the monks to either open a licensed funeral home or get a funeral director’s license. The District Court held that the restriction on casket sales amounted to a brand of economic protectionism that was not a legitimate state interest. The Court of Appeals applies a test that we find relevant to current controversies in Missouri and Kansas, but for this blog post we want to question whether the opinion would have been different if court had been asked to review the application of a preneed law to the preneed sale of Trappist caskets.

The purpose for preneed laws, protecting consumer payments until delivery is made, would seem to be equally applicable to funeral homes, cemeteries, casket stores, monument vendors or Trappist monks. However, most state preneed laws were written when the death care industry did not have significant competition for casket, vault and marker sales. Consequently, preneed laws are directed at death care licensees, and the occasional examiner or auditor will not be checking on the casket store to determine its compliance with the preneed law. If the casket store is making preneed sales, and marketing to out of state residents, multiple preneed laws could be implicated. The casket store’s website may reflect whether it offers deferred delivery. One of the Trappist’s websites offered the following:

Advance Arrangements

Peace of Mind for You and Your Family

Selecting a casket prior to need is a gift you can give your family. This arrangement ensures your wishes are met by securing your choice of casket for future use. By purchasing your casket in advance of need, you are relieving loved ones from making this often difficult decision, while closing your life's story on your own terms.

Purchase at Today's Prices Now, Ship When Needed

A pre-need arrangement with the Trappist monks of New Melleray Abbey allows you to purchase in advance, and have it shipped to the destination desired by your family at the appropriate time. You can rest assured the casket that you ordered will be available for immediate shipment when the time of need arrives.

We at Trappist Caskets feel very blessed to be able to so humbly provide these caskets, made with the work of our hands and with prayer in our hearts, to bring some small measure of comfort and solace to families in their times of need.

I hesitated to post on this issue because I love the Trappist’s ale so much, but preneed regulators need to be uniform and consistent.
 

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The Saturday edition of the Kansas City Star includes a section titled “Faith” that is devoted to the issues of religion. A few weeks ago, Star reporter Helen Gray wrote two different Faith articles regarding local funeral trends: cremation and one funeral operation’s focus on working closer with churches.

The cremation article offered the observations from both clergy and funeral directors. The clergy acknowledged that cost and a growing social acceptance have contributed to the rise in cremations (which stands in stark contrast to the comment of one corporate spokesman reporting second-hand how nothing has really changed). But, the comments suggest that some clergy (like many funeral directors) are still simply reacting to cremations. (Another Kansas City Star contributor, Bill Tammeus, wrote a piece titled “Cremains of the Day” that touches on the problems clergy have cremation.)

The other article focused on how one local funeral operation has adopted a very proactive approach to working with area churches. By operating without a “home”, this funeral operation has lower overhead, and can provide lower costing services to churches. The operation’s success would seem to be putting more emphasis on working in tandem with the minister, and less emphasis on directing the funeral.
 

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A few months ago, a stock analyst issued a critique warning against investment in the industry’s public companies. A few weeks later, the critique got a second wind when chat pages and social media forums picked up on the critique’s conclusion, and circulated the article as proof that certain trends will ‘haunt’ all funeral homes and cemeteries for years to come. Several weeks later, the critique’s attempt to assess or explain the industry’s key issues continues to haunt me. If a professional who makes his living from investment assessments has difficulty grasping and explaining the intricacies of the death care industry, consider the difficulties our regulators and legislators may have understanding the business.

The critique identified “the” three issues impacting the industry’s revenues and profitability: cremation, preneed and longer life expectancies. This post will focus on cremation.

The analyst opens with the statement that ‘several unfavorable secular trends’ are hampering long-term growth and profitability in the death care industry. But, the critique concludes with sticking the “unfavorable secular trend” label solely on cremation. There is no doubt that cremation is turning the industry on its head, but is the “secular trend” label important? It is when you view the history of the business, and need to convey the depth of the cremation issue, and that it will continue to grow.

The American way of death was shaped by the Christian funeral and burial. Theology professor Thomas Long has written several insightful books and articles regarding the Christian funeral and the role of the body. Another excellent work is Paul Irion’s “The Funeral: Vestige or Value?” The growth of death care business can be traced to the fact funeral homes profited by establishing a good relationship with the local church. That fundamental relationship served the funeral home well for several generations. But as our society became more pluralistic and secular, the acceptance of cremation grew.

For theologians, cremation represents a challenge to long standing beliefs about the funeral ritual. But, the emerging message to clergy is one of education and adaptation. As a follow up to his seminal work on the funeral ritual, Paul Irion wrote a book simply titled “Cremation”. This blog has previously discussed this issue, and one form of adaptation by churches: the columbarium.

For the funeral director, a church’s shift to embrace cremation sends a mixed message. The families from these churches view the funeral as having value as a ritual, but a ritual that does not require the purchase of a casket. If the funeral home does not own a crematory, the director will have to compliment the church’s pastoral care, or risk losing the church’s business altogether.

Operators must also market to a public that has become more secular, and view the funeral home as providing a utilitarian service. As the analyst alluded to, once the body is disposed of, all other services are ‘auxiliary’ in nature. The secular public is more likely to purchase a cremation, and forego any type of memorial service.

While cremation has taken away casket sales and cut into the purchase of services, is the critique accurate in its warnings about the death care industry? Keep in mind that the analyst was assessing the industry for profitability and growth, and that growth is difficult for a mature industry to achieve. The death care business has all the characteristics of a mature industry: limited or declining markets, intense competition, and evolving consumer demands. Individual companies may be able to achieve growth, but the industry as a whole may not until the Baby Boomer generation ages another 10 years.

Some mature industries do wither and eventually die away. But in contrast to industries that produce a product with a definitive life cycle, death care is based on a service that will always be needed. Funeral homes may have been guilty of having allocated too much of their profit to the sale of a casket and too little to their services. But, they have the ability to adapt their pricing strategies. For the small operator who cannot afford a crematory, alkaline hydrolysis may provide a less expensive investment. And, there is the green burial alternative to explore.

Next: Dark Clouds and Preneed
 

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Trust a lawyer to add to the tension between clergy and the funeral director.  

A Kentucky priest felt the need to re-establish the ground rules for funerals conducted in his parish, and a local funeral director took offense.   Claiming the rules were "an intentional and wrongful interference" with his business, the funeral director brought suit against the Archdiocese of Louisville.  

The lawsuit has the unfortunate consequence of highlighting what some clergy disdain about today’s funeral: the commercial aspects of the death care profession. However, the lawsuit has also generated dialog about a tension that is also worthy of attention: reconciling the church’s message of hope with the funeral director’s focus on the immediate family.

The GetReligion blog has a thoughtful post regarding the Archdiocese lawsuit.  Denominations can differ substantially in their approach to funeral liturgy, and some provide very little training to its clergy when counseling parishioners facing end of life issues. Every funeral director has a story about a minister who alienated the family with a sermon unrelated to the deceased. But, even trained pastoral ministers are often placed in the awkward position when requested to officiate at a funeral by families they do not know, or for a deceased who did not attend a church.  

 

Funeral directors that serve denominations that have well established funeral liturgy should adopt cooperative approaches to working with clergy. Suing the priest makes no sense (unless, of course, those parish rules are causing families to cancel their preneed contracts). 

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The Easter sermon is traditionally defined by Good Friday, and the hope and promise offered by Christ’s resurrection. However, clergy seldom seem to focus their lectures on Easter Saturday and the despair of Mary and Jesus’ followers. In a sense, the same is true for many clergy who officiate at a funeral. Who hasn’t attended a funeral where the minister started with an acknowledgment of the death and then provided reassurance about the deceased. What clergy do not seem to appreciate is that the deceased’s family is often focused on their own individual losses and need help just making it through Saturday.

While some theologians criticize the death care industry for directing the funeral ritual from the Christian burial to personalization, others are striving to understand the needs of surviving family members. This need is as old as the Easter story.

Personalization is not for everyone. But the 'value' of the Christian burial no longer resonates for many individuals, and perhaps it is because the purpose of the ritual is not adequately communicated by clergy. While cremation continues to confound some clergy, it's popularity requires new thought by funeral directors and ministers alike.

Paul E. Irion's book The Funeral: Vestige Or Value? provides a valuable resource to understanding the value of the Christian burial. Though the book is more than forty years old, it remains relevant today. In the upcoming weeks I plan to read Mr. Irion's book on Cremation in the hope it provides insight for both clergy and funeral directors alike.

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Two recent newspaper articles help to underscore the distinct directions the funeral ritual seems headed. 

The Kansas City Star reported on how more families are opting for personalization over formal funeral rituals.  As the article indicates, personalization often requires the funeral director to spend more time with the family planning a memorial that is unique to the deceased.  This approach also challenges the preneed approach of selling a package arrangement that covers 'everything'. 

Personalization represents a departure from the Christian liturgy that allowed a standardized approach to funeral planning.  While some theologians criticize the funeral industry's departure from the traditional (religious) funeral ritual, others have come to realize how clergy often overlook the emotional needs of the surviving family members.  The Calvin Institute of Christian Worship devotes several pages from its website to the "funerals that minister to those left behind".  

As more clergy become more sensitive to the psychological needs of the surviving family members, funeral directors may have an opportunity to work more closely with churches seeking to provide a more spiritual ritual for their congregations.  The latter approach was underscored by an article about funeral directors seeking to serve the needs of immigrants.

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Cremation is having a profound impact on funeral homes, cemeteries and churches alike. While Christian denominations prefer to reinforce the role the body plays in funeral liturgy, cremation offers churches the opportunity to establish a bond with parishioners that cemeteries once provided. It is becoming fairly commonplace to read about churches, like the First Evangelical Lutheran Church in Longmont, Colorado, that are considering whether to establish their own columbarium. 

However, there are a number of issues churches need to evaluate before making the decision about a columbarium. The Calvin Institute of Christian Worship has an excellent article on its website, Better than a Cemetery: A Presbyterian church offers an alternative, that describes the approach taken by the Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. 

A columbarium requires more of a commitment then some church leaders may initially understand. However, this article accurately conveys the planning and preparation that should be invested in the process.  Once a church makes the decision to establish a columbarium, it will need to address many of the same legal issues that face a cemetery, including the following:

• Rules that will govern the columbarium, and that will allow the church flexibility with regard to future issues;
• Contracts that define the niche owner's rights;
• Endowed care trust requirements;
• Applicability of state laws; and
• Future sales.    

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The Iowa had not one, but two personal preference bills pending before its Legislature for the 2007/08 term: SF 473 and HF 2088.   The Senate version, SF 473, was backed by Iowa’s attorneys, and the House version, HF 2088, was backed by the Iowa Funeral Directors Association. 

What caught my attention about these bills was the IFDA statement published by the Des Moines Register on February 22nd. The death care industry would have been better served if the IFDA had given more thought to their position against SF 473. The IFDA statement started with the following:

I must clarify your Feb. 14 article, "Bill Gives Deceased Control of Remains." Iowa funeral directors have always believed funerals are about loved ones gathering to commemorate the deceased person's memory. Funeral ceremonies are not about the dead forcing their intentions on loved ones.

There’s no argument that funerals have been for the living. It is a ritual that is meant to help survivors to take the next step on life without the individual who just died. But how can the IFDA reconcile the highlighted statement with the preneed transaction that most funeral homes endorse.  Yet, I believe the IFDA correctly identified the issue that should be addressed before a preneed contract is ever signed:

If someone has specific requests for his or her funeral, those must be communicated to their loved ones. Funeral directors bring families together to decide how to remember the dead. SF 473, backed by the Iowa State Bar Association, allows a "final disposition directive," which forces everyone to listen to a document, and not to the emotional needs of survivors.

The [attorneys bar] association's proposal could conflict with other legal instruments. What if the decedent's will, pre-need funeral contract and final disposition all request burial, but in different cemeteries? What if the final disposition designates some distant cousin to be in charge?

The IFDA is asking the right questions, but failing to look in the mirror to understand how the death care industry is contributing to the problem. 

First of all, each individual should have the right to control the disposition of his or her body. Period. But in contrast to our ‘inalienable’ rights, we are powerless to defend the right to control our own disposition.   After we cash in our chips (pardon the pun), we are completely dependent on someone else respecting our ‘instructions’. Most individuals seem to have a strong personal preference for what should be done with their body. In a sense, there seems to be a certain selfish aspect to one’s last act or wish being one of “this is what I want”.   Unfortunately, many preneed programs seem to cater to this self-indulgence. 

What may be galling some funeral directors is that the written document, whether it is disposition directive or a preneed contract for cremation, may not be in the best interests of the surviving family members.

First preneed, and now enforceable disposition directives, are underscoring that the role of the funeral ritual needs to be for both the deceased and the living. But to accomplish such a goal, the individual must overcome the reluctance (or denial) that precludes the discussion of mortality with family or friends. 

Preneed introduced our older generation to the issue of their own mortality, but hasn’t provided them the resources to share fears and values with the next generation.  And now the death care industry is being forced to redefine the preneed transaction from being about “me”, to being about “us”. To incorporate family members into the process, key decisions about the funeral must be deferred. Individuals will continue to want to address the financial burdens of the funeral, but the industry needs to become receptive to allowing the family the freedom to reach a common decision about what ritual is best for everyone. 

Bill Tammeus, a Kansas City Star columnist on issues of spirituality, addressed these issues from a theologian’s perspective in a September 2, 2006, column titled “The Cremains of the Day”.  

So which Iowa bill should be favored? In this situation, the attorney’s version provides a lower hurdle for the individual wishing to establish an enforceable disposition directive, and therefore I would endorse it over the IFDA bill. SF 473 should better protect the interests of the elderly and the gay community. 

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