Death Care Law Blog : Kansas Death Care and Preneed Lawyer & Attorney : Stalter Legal Services Law Firm : Funeral Law, Elder Law : Kansas City

I stand corrected.

A representative of the Michigan Funeral Directors Association advises that their request for proposal for a new investment advisor for the master trust has resulted in the selection of a firm that will not only assume a true fiduciary relationship to funeral directors and consumers, but that will also guide the Association towards a target date investment strategy. Such an investment strategy would represent a true demarcation from the approach I was so critical of in a March post about the Michigan RFP.

Too often, the fiduciary's approach to preneed investment has been to offer three investment options to the funeral director. The fiduciary may even allow the funeral director to choose an asset allocation among the investment options. Little regard is given to the experience and sophistication the funeral director possesses with regard to financial and investment considerations. While Michigan law imposes a separate investment standard on non-guaranteed contracts, that is not the case in most states. Consequently, the two types of contracts are typically pooled in the same trust, and invested similarly. This presents a problem for the funeral directors that either take chances with the market or are ultra conservative. Another flawed investment approach is to allow income reporting to be the exclusive consideration.

Corporate fiduciaries have struggled with the delegation of investment responsibilities of the preneed trust. The uniform trust code contemplates the delegation of the investment responsibilities, and may even require such when the fiduciary lacks the expertise to properly invest the trust. But, it is virtually impossible to transfer the liability of that delegation. Applicable statutes contemplate notice and consent of the trust beneficiaries. The investment risk lies with the consumer who has purchased a non-guaranteed contract. With guaranteed contracts, the investment risk is assumed primarily by the funeral director. However, that risk is shifted to the consumer if the contract is 're-written' when the purchaser's survivors select a different arrangement at the time of need. The investment risk is also transferred when the funeral home goes out of business and the preneed contracts are not assumed by a successor entity.

Depending upon the factors incorporated by the investment strategy, the target date plan can provide a better model for the death care industry.

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They say that the devil is in the details, and that is proving true for the Obama definition of the “rich” (those families that earn more than $250,000) and the plan to fix the budget. The IRS provided some detail to the Obama plan last December when it published a proposed regulation that would increase the Medicare tax to 3.8% and impose the tax on the rich through their trusts and estates. The NFDA and ICCFA have been trying to get their respective members’ attention because the proposed regulation specifically includes their business trusts as ‘rich’ that are be subject to the Medicare tax. 

Sometimes it may seem that associations cry wolf to reinforce to the membership the need for the association. But, the proposed IRS regulation is somewhat unique in that it specifically identifies Section 685 qualified funeral trusts and Section 642 endowed care trusts as those which will be subject to the Medicare Tax. As both associations point out in comments submitted to the IRS, the proposal reflects how little the Service understands the purposes of these trusts.

To see each association’s comments click the following hyperlinks:NFDA           ICCFA 

There is a legitimate risk to qualified funeral trusts that do not make individual account allocations for composite filings. We would have thought most fiduciaries prepared QFTs in such a manner, but the Service’s comments from a few years ago suggests otherwise. And, what about those preneed trusts that have not taken the Section 685 election?

Even though the Service’s rationale for application of tax to Section 642 endowed care trusts is tenuous, these trusts lack the individual accounting ‘out’ that can save the QFT.
 

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The Mississippi Secretary of State seems to be taking a very proactive approach to the regulation of preneed and perpetual care funds. Over the course of the last few years, the Regulation and Enforcement Division of the Secretary of State’s office has averaged an enforcement proceeding per month. We were curious what type of enforcement proceedings they were pursuing, and picked one at random. The luck of draw involved a situation where the Mississippi regulators alleged the preneed seller’s preneed contract form did not adequately disclose to the consumer the tax consequences of their preneed trust. While the preneed contract form stated that income taxes may be withheld by the trust, the seller’s trustee reported the income to the contract purchaser. This did not set well with the Mississippi regulators, particularly when the consumer had no right to cancel the contract and receive a refund of the trust income.

The Mississippi regulators are not alone in their perception of the inequities of this situation. Nebraska preneed regulators are also questioning why income should ever be reported to consumers when they may never receive it. The answer is that the Internal Revenue Service forced this issue with Rev. Rul. 87-127, with the goal of requiring a single method of income reporting for preneed trusts.

The Service struggled with the situation that troubles the Mississippi and Nebraska regulators: how can the purchaser be the grantor if he/she is never entitled to a refund of the income (or even trust deposits) upon the contract’s cancellation. But, as between the consumer and the funeral home, the funeral home’s right to the trust corpus is dependent upon performance of the contract. While the consumer may never receive a refund, he/she can choose a different funeral home to service the contract. The value of that service satisfies the grantor rules of the tax code, and supports the IRS’ conclusions in the Ruling.

The inequity of the situation may have led to the passage of IRC Section 685. Given an alternative is available to the seller, the Mississippi regulators sought to force the seller to either change its contract or require the trustee to change its income reporting. But in doing so, the Mississippi regulators misstate IRC Section 685. Irrevocability is not a key characteristic of an IRC Section 685 qualified funeral trust. While the Section 685 election is viewed as irrevocable, the irrevocability of the preneed contract has no impact on Section 685. The Mississippi regulators also fail to acknowledge that Section 685 is the trustee’s election to make, not the funeral home’s. While the two need to work in concert, it is the trustee that has ultimate control over the trust’s income reporting.
 

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In the days that followed the Wisconsin Funeral Directors Association being placed into receivership, some of the WFDA’s sister associations were quick to point out they had ‘checks and balances’ that would protect consumers’ funds from the problems that tripped up the Wisconsin Funeral Trust. As we reported in our last post, a crucial ‘check and balance’ missing from the WFT was investment oversight. The fact that a trust has a corporate trustee does not necessarily mean that fiduciary has responsibility for monitoring the prudence of the investments. Corporate fiduciaries often look to uniform trust codes for the authority to delegate investment responsibilities. If a grantor wishes to use an outside asset manager, general trust laws will accommodate those wishes. The problem with preneed trusts (and cemetery endowment funds) is that there is more than one “grantor” to the preneed trust.

We have previously stated our support for allowing a relationship between preneed seller and a qualified fund manager. However, the fiduciary must provide a ‘check and balance’ to that relationship by maintaining responsibility for the investments. The ‘scandals’ from Missouri, Illinois, California and Wisconsin stem from a lack of investment oversight. Missouri’s regulators responded to NPS with a law that precluded any relationship between the advisor and the seller. Appropriately, the Missouri association obtained revisions to allow an agency relationship between its fund manager and the trustee. However, the Missouri law does not go far enough to require the disclosures we recommended in 2011. Funeral directors and consumers need to know that Missouri preneed fiduciaries ‘have their back’ when it comes to investment oversight.

Investment oversight is also a concern for cemetery regulators. Kansas’ cemetery regulators were dismayed to find that a corporate trustee had turned over the investment reigns to a Hutchinson cemetery operator. The operator hoped to cover declining revenues (and the failure to make trust deposits) with higher investment returns. For months, the operator attempted to hide the ball from the auditor, but eventually it was discovered that those investments had lost hundreds of thousands of dollars.

The investment supervision issue is also a concern for Nebraska regulators. As they prep the death care industry for legislation in 2013, they raise this issue:

Seller’s Power to Direct Investments

A question has arisen regarding the seller’s ability to direct the trustee’s investment decisions. Specifically, should the seller be able to instruct the trustee to deposit or invest funds in securities that do not meet the trustee’s own investment guidelines?

If it is determined that the trustee should be free from the seller’s investment influence, section 12-1107 should be amended to reflect this fact.
 

In what may be a perfectly legal arrangement, Illinois funeral directors have handed off investment oversight to their new fund managers. The master trust instrument carefully outlines the code provisions which authorize the delegation of investment authorities. But the document goes that extra step of exculpating the trustee from responsibilities for investment oversight. Where is the check and balance in that structure? Are the industry’s expectations so high that a trustee will not accept the fund without a hold harmless? If the industry does not establish its own ‘checks and balances’ with regard to investment supervision, the authority to participate in the investment decisions could be taken away.
 

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A short three and a half years ago, the funeral industry reeled from the collapse of National Prearranged Services and the emerging story of the Illinois Master Trust. The NFDA was slow to respond to the crisis, and when it did, this blog joined the criticism. Fast forward to September 2012, and the NFDA responds to the Wisconsin Master Trust controversy with the same guidelines.

Granted: associations are cumbersome organizations that are dependent on volunteer members.

Granted: changing the mindset of a membership that has been historically opposed to preneed will be difficult.

Granted: it is a matter of time before another state association master trust fails.

We need to augment the advice offered the NFDA in 2009: eliminate from your trust evaluation guidelines any suggestions that a guaranteed rate of return is permissible. The days of set rates of return or book/tax cost of account for distributions are over.

The fixed rate of return approach allowed the Wisconsin and Illinois programs to avoid investment transparency and individual account allocations of income and market value. But, providing investment transparency in terms of the investments held by the trust, and the rate of return, can be more complex that the NFDA guidelines suggest. It is not uncommon for three or more investment pools to be offered by a master trust program. Administrators may have different ways to provide transparency at the trust level, in terms of in investments held by the trust and their rates of returns.

Whatever procedure is followed, the end result should be a ‘mark to market’ that will allow an auditor to reconcile each individual preneed contract’s value to the individual funeral home account(s), and in the case of master trusts, each individual funeral home’s account(s) to the aggregate master trust market value.
 

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The staff for the Missouri State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors released the revised preneed renewal reports this week, and those revisions include a few new additional requirements.  Those requirements include a seller providing a ‘no tax due’ letter, proof of corporate status and any ‘doing business as’ filings.  However, the new requirement that will catch most funeral directors by surprise will be the new Section Q: preneed contracts funded by insurance assignments. 

Section Q seeks from the preneed seller information about each insurance assignment taken to fund a preneed contract.  Funeral directors will find the instructions somewhat confusing.  Those instructions advise that a report is to be prepared for each insurance company, but the spreadsheet format incorporated into the report suggests each column could be for a different insurance company.  The seller is also instructed to mark the spreadsheet with 'NA' if the section does not apply.  With the form instructions alluding to preneed contracts “sold” pursuant to Sections 436.400-436525 RSMo., most funeral homes will assume the assignment of an existing insurance policy is not covered by Chapter 436.  The instructions do not address policy beneficiary designations.

The staff scheduled an August 21^st  State Board meeting that includes “renewal update” on the agenda.  With the renewal forms having only been published on August 17^th, the staff hasn’t given the industry adequate time to provide input at the August 21^st meeting.  This should make for an interesting September State Board meeting, and for October chaos for Missouri’s preneed sellers (and those funeral homes dependent upon third party sellers).     

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A cemetery client once lamented that he was tired of being the last in line.  He was alluding to the reality that when there is a death, families call the funeral home before the cemetery.   As part of the final arrangements, the funeral home will often sell the family a vault and marker, and deprive the cemetery of crucial burial merchandise sales.   To compound matters for the cemetery, the transaction between the funeral home and the family may start out as an at-need sale for the benefit of the deceased, but the funeral home may also enter into a preneed transaction for the benefit of the surviving spouse.   Consequently, the cemetery has lost current, and future, sales revenues.

Cemeteries tend to overlook one advantage to gaining equal footing when seeking to serve their families: the purchase of cemetery lots is often the first (and only) step many couples take towards funeral and burial planning.   Studies show that many couples purchase their lots, but take no further action towards their funeral and burial plans.   But, those studies are also showing how rising funeral and burial costs are impacting the public’s acceptance of cremation.    So, within a cemetery’s records are the names of families who have shown the desire for a traditional funeral and burial, but without further action, may eventually find that type of service too expensive.    So why aren’t cemeteries (and funeral homes) using those records to identity families to contact about preplanning and preneed?  Those cemetery leads are buried under a mountain of paper.

Lot purchases are typically documented in a deed book, and then in a lot folder indexed to the lots.  If a subsequent merchandise sale is made to the husband and wife, say a marker, the sales contract and marker invoice are filed in the lot folder.  For a cemetery with tens of thousands of lots, the recordkeeping can require enough file cabinets to keep the local Office Depot in the black.  While cemetery accounting software exists, the system is dependent upon those paper records.   So are the industry’s regulators.   The system is similar to that employed by the county recorder of deeds which uses various indices to track real estate records.   Various transactions have to be tied back to a specific lot.  But in contrast to the recorder of deeds, the cemetery may need to track how lot owners are related.  The system cries out for a database, and at least one of the largest cemetery operators has taken a big step in that direction.*  If cemeteries want to be proactive about making their property, merchandise and services more affordable to their families, they need to make their records more accessible.

*Contact Kates-Boylston Publications for a copy of their July 30, 2012 Funeral Service Insider

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Who can honestly say they saw this one coming?

 On July 5, 2012, the Missouri State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors filed a complaint with the Missouri Administrative Hearing Commission against a Missouri funeral home for alleged violations of Chapter 436, including several transactions that predate Senate Bill No. 1. So, three years after the passage of Senate Bill No. 1, the State Board has initiated its first formal proceeding against a preneed seller.  SB1 armed the State Board with several new tools, including the preneed financial examination.   Pointing to the massive fraud committed by National Prearranged Services, the State’s regulators convinced the Missouri Legislature that such tools were necessary to protect the consumer.  What misconduct did the new financial examination tool uncover that warranted a formal complaint: the funeral home failed to report, and adequately document, insurance assignments and beneficiary designations.

The crux of the State Board‘s argument is stated in Paragraphs 49 and 50 of the Complaint:

49.       A preneed contract is sold when a seller accepts an insurance assignment or is named as owner (prior to August 28, 2009) or beneficiary of a life insurance policy pursuant to an arrangement between the seller and the consumer to ensure payment for the final disposition of the consumer's dead human body and for funeral or burial services, facilities or merchandise upon the death of the consumer.

50.       ******  Funeral sold and entered into preneed contracts with those consumers specified in Exhibit A when ******* Funeral accepted insurance assignment or was named as beneficiary on an insurance policy when the consumer made such assignment or designation with the intent of paying ******* Funeral for the costs of his or her own final disposition.

The State Board’s position (with regard to insurance assignments and beneficiary designations made prior to August 28, 2009) is based on the following:

31. Section 436.005, RSMo (2000), set forth definitions for the Old Law and stated, in relevant portion:

(5) "Preneed contract", any contract or other arrangement which requires the current payment of money or other property in consideration for the final disposition of a dead human body, or for funeral or burial services or facilities, or for funeral merchandise, where such disposition, services, facilities or merchandise are not immediately required, including, but not limited to, an agreement providing for a membership fee or any other fee having as its purpose the furnishing of burial or funeral services or merchandise at a discount, except for contracts of insurance, including payment of proceeds from contracts of insurance, unless the preneed seller or provider is named as the owner or beneficiary in the contract of insurance[.]

What the State Board is asserting is that Chapter 436 has always defined as a preneed contract any insurance assignment or beneficiary designation made in favor of a funeral home prior to the death of the insured.   That will come as news to most of the industry (99.9% or so), and cause some operators to ask what those six Board Members are smoking.  But for those individuals who regularly attend the meetings of the State Board, this position may not necessarily reflect the views of the State Board members.

The Board’s staff began pressing the State Board more than two years ago to provide clarification on when insurance assignments and beneficiary designations constitute a preneed contract.   At that meeting in Festus, Missouri, the staff also reminded the Board and the industry of the funeral director’s duties under Chapter 208 to make inquiries to the Third Party Liability Unit (of the Department of Social Services) before making refunds to families.   The insurance issue resurfaced last fall (with the conclusion of the initial onsite financial examinations).  Since then, the issue has been bounced back and forth like a ping pong ball between the staff and the Board.   The staff has made various proposals, which the Board has rejected. 

As we have previously suggested, this transaction is one which should be documented by a contract.  Some within the industry assert there is no contract.  I disagree.  The policy owner has made the assignment or beneficiary designation with the expectation that the funeral home will apply the proceeds to their funeral.  The funeral director understands that expectation, and often relies on Chapter 208 for recommending the assignment of insurance.  I agree with the staff in that the ‘professional trust and confidence’ contemplated by Section 333.330.2(14) dictates that this transaction be documented by a contract.  The staff would then argue that any contract made by a funeral home that contemplates future performance must be a preneed contract, and ergo, a Chapter 436 contract.  I disagree. 

Chapter 436 was first enacted in 1965, but was re-written in 1982.  The 1982 law provided the industry the first definition of a “preneed contract”, which was the same as that cited by the Complaint, except that it did not include the following: 

except for contracts of insurance, including payment of proceeds from contracts of insurance, unless the preneed seller or provider is named as the owner or beneficiary in the contract of insurance[.]

There was sufficient confusion whether insurance policies were covered by Chapter 436 that the preceding phrase was added by legislation that took effect in 1986.  The 1986 legislation was hotly debated, and the product of various compromises, and the result included a horribly ambiguous definition.  A literal interpretation of the new “preneed contract” definition would find that an insurance contract is not a preneed contract ‘unless the preneed seller or provider is named as the owner or beneficiary in the contract of insurance’.    But when the seller or provider is named as owner or beneficiary, the contract of insurance is a preneed contract.   That bears repeating: the contract of insurance is a preneed contract.  What the heck does that mean?

The old law was poorly drafted, and ambiguous, in many respects.  There always has been confusion over the extent to which Chapter 436 governed insurance funded preneed.   The old law was written with one preneed transaction in mind: the trust funded guaranteed contract.   Joint accounts were addressed as the first afterthought, and then four years later, insurance was added as another afterthought.   For years the Board staff struggled with whether insurance funded contracts had to be deposited to trust.   And now, 30 years after the old law was enacted, the staff (or is it the State Board) wants to begin enforcing those ambiguous provisions?

What motivations does the staff have for pressing the State Board on the insurance assignment issue?   The need for clarity was the initial explanation given.  The next justification given was the need to protect the consumer.   Both of these have merit, but one can’t help but wonder if Chapter 208 may also provide a third motivation. 

It would be political suicide for any candidate to suggest that Missouri needs to raise taxes.  Instead, state agencies look for other ways to generate revenues, whether that be through fees or charges.  Accordingly, someone in Jefferson City may also be looking at the funeral home’s obligations under Chapter 214.  In conjunction with that 2010 meeting in Festus, the staff has incorporated a MO HealthNet page on the State Board website.   That page is meant as notice to the industry that funeral homes have a duty to make inquiries to Department of Social Services before making refunds back to families.   (You funeral directors can now add tax collector to your job description.)  But that duty only applies to Chapter 436 contracts.

The Complaint seems a heavy handed attempt to force the State Board to define the insurance assignments as Chapter 436 contracts.  While there is need for clarity and consumer protection, neither the old law nor SB1 was intended to regulate the assignment of an existing insurance policy.  SB1 is intended to regulate the sale of contracts where performance is deferred to a future date, and the administration of the consumer’s payments.    The staff must twist SB1 provisions to reach the conclusion that all insurance assignments give rise to a preneed contract.   That approach is not much different from the one NPS used with the old law. 

So, what are those State Board members to do?  Here is a proposal for their consideration.

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For obvious reasons, life insurance is the preneed funding choice for many funeral directors. One hundred percent trusting laws give proactive preneed organizations no choice but to use insurance funding. Insurance provides the commissions needed to finance marketing and a sales force, and, maybe as important, relieves the funeral home from preneed accounting and administration. But insurance funding is predicated on the contract being performed at death. In contrast to funeral homes, cemeteries can (and must) deliver preneed sales in advance of death.

First, and foremost, the grave sale is typically ‘delivered’ as soon as the purchase price is paid. The cash flow generated from the grave sale is too crucial to a cemetery to defer until the purchaser’s death. Few (if any) state laws require the trusting of grave payments, and accordingly, grave sale payments flow directly into a cemetery’s operating account.

Marker and monument sales also generate crucial cash flow to the cemetery. Competition from monument dealers (and funeral homes) prompted cemeteries to offer markers through preneed sales. While it has been customary to defer marker deliveries until death, spiraling granite and bronze costs has forced cemeteries to accelerate deliveries of these sales. Applicable state laws generally require the trusting of preneed cemetery sales, and contemplate trust distributions prior to the consumer’s death.

In contrast to the funeral home, cemeteries do not need insurance for the funding of preneed programs. Cemeteries have an advantage in preneed marketing in that the grave sale has no trusting requirement, and states typically impose lower preneed trusting requirements on the cemetery industry. Where cemeteries feel the insurance void is in the administration required for the preneed sale. Small funeral homes often shun insurance funding in favor of the trust option offered by their state association. There are state cemetery associations that offer a master program, but they are the exception. Consequently, most cemeteries will find preneed to be an uphill climb without the assistance of insurance companies or a master association trust.
 

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The Kansas Secretary of State’s office bore the brunt of the criticism for a Hutchinson cemetery that siphoned off hundreds of thousands of dollars from its trust funds. That office has the responsibility of auditing cemetery trust funds (preneed merchandise and care funds). But, poor record keeping on the part of the cemetery industry has made the auditor’s work difficult, if not impossible. Accordingly, the KSOS office implemented a new reporting system last year that requires cemetery corporations to file quarterly reports regarding their sales of preneed and interment rights. These new reports are intended to enable the office to more closely monitor the cemetery’s trusting requirements. This reporting mechanism has another requirement that went into effect on January 1st: corresponding reporting by the banks and trust companies that administer the cemetery’s trust funds.

House Bill No. 2240 amends the cemetery merchandise law and the permanent maintenance fund law to impose several reporting duties on the trustee. For each type of fund, the trustee must prepare quarterly reports on formats approved by the Secretary of State’s office. With regard to merchandise funds, the trustee must also report its allocation of income to the merchandise and services sold by the cemetery.

For many of those banks and trust companies serving as cemetery fiduciaries, these reporting requirements will come as a rude awakening. Few cemetery fiduciaries are aware that these accounts are subject to a separate set of Kansas laws. Consequently, these banks often price their services as a custodial relationship. Many will not want the fiduciary relationship and its new reporting requirements. With the first fiduciary reports due May 1st, the upcoming Memorial Day will be hectic for Kansas cemeteries for more than the usual reasons.

Click the following hyperlinks to view the HB 2240 sections on reporting: merchandise or permanent maintenance.
 

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For the past few years, some Kansas cemeteries have been getting nasty grams from their regulator about their care fund trustee’s treatment capital gains taxes. Kansas, like most states, requires a portion of each grave space sale (interment right) to be contributed to a fund or trust for the future care of the cemetery. Kansas law calls that fund a permanent maintenance fund. Missouri law calls it an endowed care trust. In some states it is defined as a perpetual care trust.

Despite what the fund is called, these state laws universally seek to provide the cemetery a source of income to pay for the upkeep of graves (while keeping the contributions in tact). That latter objective, protecting the contributions, brings cemeteries and regulators into conflict when the fund realizes capital gains and losses. The Kansas cemetery regulator has been taking the conflict a step further by interpreting the law to preclude the trustee from paying taxes or fees out of capital gains.

The Kansas regulators (like many of their peers) perceive a ‘looming’ problem with cemeteries: abandonment and the eventual transfer to the municipality or county. Cemeteries are dependent upon the cash flow that comes from space sales (and the accompanying interment fees and marker sales). When a cemetery runs out of spaces, grave maintenance will be completely dependent upon income from the care fund. To minimize the financial burden placed on the county, the Kansas regulator has adopted a very strict interpretation of the law for the purpose of preserving the care fund for the day the cemetery transfers to the government. This interpretation not only precludes the fund from distribution capital gains earnings, but also the trustee’s payment of taxes and fees from the earnings. The regulator reasons that capital gains must be allocated to principal, and the law forbids all distribution of principal.

This puts the cemetery into a bind. The staple of care fund investments, the fixed income security, has been bearing returns of less than 2% for years. When trust expenses are netted from those returns, there is little left to distribute to the cemetery. Necessity has dictated that these funds begin investing in equities. But, the Kansas philosophy would penalize the cemetery. Not only is the cemetery prohibited from using the equity earnings, the cemetery must also pay the taxes incurred on those earnings (reducing what is received from the care fund). The only ‘winner’ is the county. Or is it? If the eventual abandonment takes years, and the cemetery has been deprived income for upkeep and repairs, isn’t the county getting the property in worse shape?
 

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Here in the Midwest, the death care industry is just beginning to experience the increase in preneed reporting and oversight. Some funeral directors are already frustrated with the new requirements, and are biding the time to when they can vent towards the preneed regulator.

Over the past 4 years, state agencies in Illinois, Kansas and Missouri were made to account for their roles in the failures of preneed programs. The replies were very similar: an outdated law tied our hands. There was some truth to those excuses, and state legislatures responded with laws that provide the regulators greater oversight authorities, including expanded examination powers. What rankles funeral directors is that the examinations are aimed at individual operators who had nothing to do with master program collapses.

With the preneed sale originating at the funeral home or cemetery, the on-site examination is a necessary component to effective oversight. However, state regulators struggle with how to conduct an effective preneed examination program. Limited budgets are also requiring the examination process to be efficient.

Illinois stands out from the other two states in that it had audit and reporting procedures in place before its crisis arose. Illinois funeral homes have given diverging descriptions of their audit experiences. Some reported having regular audits, while others report they had never been audited. To better understand the Illinois procedures, I requested a copy of the Comptroller’s examination guidelines. That request was declined with an explanation that such a disclosure may make it easier for funeral homes to circumvent the audit process.

The Illinois audit process failed both the industry and the consumer because the trust procedures contemplate depository funding and relied too heavily upon the tax cost basis of the preneed trust fund. The examination did not incorporate procedures regarding the qualifications of the depository/trustee, the investment of the funds or the fees charged to the funds. A recent conversation with an Illinois examiner suggests that the Comptroller continues to follow the old audit procedures despite their deficiencies.

In contrast, the staff for the Missouri State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors has been giving a lot of thought to how the on-site audit should be conducted. Prior to the collapse of National Prearranged Services, the State Board had minimal preneed reporting and examination powers. The examinations conducted this year are the first in 20 years, and recent regulation proposals provide a clue to what concerns the State Board staff have from those initial exams (isolated insurance policies, old contracts, etc).

While the State Board tabled the staff concerns for future discussion, those issues will continue to be reflected in the procedures followed by examiners (and by the preneed seller reports submitted to the State Board). For Missouri preneed sellers, the situation may only add to their frustration. First, there is the uncertainty of what to expect when the examination is conducted. And then, there are the issues raised by the examiner regarding practices that funeral directors may have been following for years.

There is not much that can be done about the frustration that stems from the evolving examination process. The preneed transaction is changing, and regulators will have to adapt their exam procedures accordingly. But the State Board will serve an important role in keeping the examination process focused on the crucial issues. That focus will be defined by the exchange that occurs between the staff and the Board over specific audit findings. These exchanges serve to educate the staff and examiners on the business of the death care industry, which should improve the efficiency of preneed oversight.

As other Midwest states initiate new preneed examination procedures, their regulators must find different ways to ‘learn the business’. Pursuing the wrong issues will only waste precious resources and alienate funeral homes and cemeteries.
 

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The licenses required to sell or service preneed in Missouri must be renewed annually, with the deadline for filing the required paperwork falling on October 31st. Technically, these licenses expire on Halloween unless the State Board staff has renewed them by that date. But, it is human nature to procrastinate, and many licensees wait until the final days to file their paperwork. With 545 licensed providers, 331 licensed sellers and 179 licensed preneed agents, the deadline paperwork handled by the State Board staff is substantial.

Regulation proposals discussed at the State Board’s September meetings underscore the frustrations the staff have with the licensing deadlines and the paperwork submitted by licensees. The proposals would add pressure to licensees having renewal paperwork filed weeks (instead of days) prior to Halloween (so that the staff would have more time to review the paperwork before renewing the license).

The ‘rub’ for the State Board staff is that SB1 sets Halloween as both the deadline for filing paperwork and the expiration date of the licenses. The law fails to provide a window for the administrative review of paperwork. Before dismissing this as the staff’s problem, sellers should consider that SB1 also allows a consumer to void his/her preneed contract if the seller did not have a license when the contract was sold.

The problem for the staff is that a number of sellers are submitting renewal reports that have not properly completed. Sellers who only use one form of funding are omitting the schedules for the funding vehicles they do not use. The renewal forms also require a summary of all contracts sold during the reporting period. If the summary is left blank, the staff has no way of knowing whether the fee accompanying the renewal is correct.

For the most part, the current renewal report form is the same as last year’s. However, sellers that use joint account funding need to recognize the report has a new Section M that requires information about the preneed contracts sold prior to the current reporting period. If the seller waits until October 31st to file the renewal, and omits the Section M report in error, the State Board letter received in November will seem like a late Halloween trick.
 

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As discussed in prior posts, the Missouri preneed audit process begins with a notice to the preneed seller for the production of documents and data. After a review is made of the documents, data and the annual reports filed with the State Board, an on-site examination is scheduled with the seller. Most Missouri preneed sellers are unsure of what to expect. To an extent, Missouri has borrowed from the Texas Department of Banking examination manual in developing preneed audit procedures. However, Texas has the benefit of years of reporting and exams. Missouri is playing catch up, and the desk audit of the seller’s documents, data and annual reports are the State Board’s first in depth look at how funeral homes have structured their preneed programs.

SB1 made substantial changes to Missouri’s trusting requirements, and one purpose for the desk audit is to determine if the seller’s preneed contract form and trust agreement are compliant. But, the desk audit will also be used to match trustee reports to outstanding contracts, and determine whether the proper funding has been maintained.

For the State Board examiners, the first look at a seller’s records includes all outstanding preneed contracts. Missouri’s first preneed law was written in 1965, and some funeral homes have contracts dating back that far. Consequently, the initial desk audit could be a lengthy process for Missouri’s larger funeral operators.
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The examination of a Missouri preneed seller begins with a request that certain documents be submitted to the State Board within 3 weeks. The purpose for the document production is to allow the examiner to perform a desk audit of the seller’s operable documents before an on-site visit is made. From those documents the examiner will determine the funding methods used, the compliance of the preneed contract form (and other documents) with Chapter 436, possible funding deficiencies, and possible administration issues.

An important distinction that Missouri funeral homes must make is that the request is aimed at its preneed business written as a seller. The document request does not include preneed written on a third party seller’s preneed contract such as Missouri Funeral Trust, American Prearranged Services, National Prearranged Services and Funeral Security Plans.

The Board's document requests are as follows:

• A current statement from your state or federally chartered financial institution/s authorized to exercise trust powers in Missouri of any preneed trust account/s that you have identifying the payments, earnings, and distributions for each active preneed contract.

If the seller has trust funded preneed, the State Board is requesting a statement from the trustee that sets out aggregate payments, earnings and distributions for each active (outstanding) preneed contract. This requirement will prove problematic for most preneed sellers, particularly for their trusts established under the prior law. While many preneed trusts report income for purposes of Internal Revenue Section 685, they do not maintain records of the aggregate income and expense per consumer account. It is also unlikely the income distributions have been tracked by account.

With this request, the State Board is also putting the seller on notice that the trustee must be authorized to exercise trust powers within Missouri. Foreign chartered institutions have special requirements to satisfy this requirement.

• A current statement from any/all applicable insurance companies with which you have insurance- funded preneed contracts for each active preneed contract.

This seems fairly self explanatory. But, the funeral home needs to distinguish insurance assigned for a spend down for that insurance written concurrently with a prearrangement. Some insurance companies have taken an aggressive position on what constitutes a spend down, and the examiners will have the right to review both types of transactions.

• A current statement from your financial institution/s of preneed joint account/s for each active preneed contract.

If the funeral home used joint accounts, the State Board wants a copy of the current bank statements for the certificates of deposits and depository accounts. If funeral home receives individual statements, this production could require some work. Some banks provide a composite statement (that shows all the CDs). The funeral home may need to cross reference the account numbers to specific contracts.

• A copy of a ledger or computerized report showing all outstanding preneed contracts.

The State Board is looking for a comprehensive list of all outstanding preneed contracts. The current annual report only reflects those contracts sold during the last reporting period. It would probably be sufficient if the outstanding contracts were reported by funding (one report for trusts, one for insurance and one for joint accounts).

• Copies of agreements(s) with providers, agents, funeral director agents and if any contracts are funded by trust a copy of the trust agreement with the trustee.

The State Board is looking for all relevant agreements to the preneed seller program. SB1 was passed in response to National Prearranged Services, and its practice of representing a funeral home without an agreement. While SB1 does not require an agreement between a funeral home and funeral director agent, not all funeral director agents are employees of a funeral home. If a funeral home allows an independent agent to sell preneed on its behalf, an agreement exists. If that agreement has not been put in writing, and the agent violates Chapter 436, a swearing contest will ensue.

If the seller uses trust funding, the State Board is looking for the trust agreement and all contracts or agreements related to the administration of the trust. Many of the preneed programs offered to Missouri funeral homes involved the outsourcing of administration, and the examiners will need to know where to direct questions that may stem from that administration.

• A copy of the trust agreement with the financial institutions for any preneed trust.

Yes, this is a redundant request, and no, the seller doesn’t have to provide the trust agreement twice.

• A blank preneed contract currently used by you as a seller.

The examination will eventually review old contracts (and their compliance with the prior law), but the Board is concerned primarily with the current contract form’s compliance with SB1.
 

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The new era of preneed exams and audits got off to a slow start in Missouri, but now there are indications the process is picking up speed.   The first notices of preneed financial examinations went out to sellers last January, and some are now going through on-site examinations.  A second wave of examination notices has gone out, and the State Board has begun preparations for the first examination reports.       

While the examination process will continue to evolve, the process will likely involve the following stages:

• The notice and request for documents
• A desk audit of the seller's documents
• An on-site examination
• An exit interview
• An examination report and the seller response
• (If violations are found) a request for a corrective plan proposal

In our next blog posts, we look at each of the stages in more depth.

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Preneed scandals in Illinois, Missouri, Texas, and California have state regulators moving to implement new audit procedures. But with new laws passed in the wake of NPS and state master trust problems, the frequency and scope of the future audit could change dramatically.  It is no secret that the scope of the preneed audit in Missouri is work in progress. When asked how the audit was being revised for its licensees, Illinois regulators politely declined to provide their written guidelines. Regulators in Kansas and Nebraska are also evaluating their audit procedures. But, the legal battle being waged in California provides a glimpse of one regulator’s intent to change the scope of the preneed audit.

The Ninth and Tenth Causes of Actions from the California Attorney General’s lawsuit against the California Master Trust allege that defendants either failed to maintain, or to produce, the preneed records required by law and regulation. California Code of Regulations, title 16, Section 1267 sets out those records that must be maintained by the funeral home. The regulation dates back 30 years, and reflects a view of the preneed transaction that is no longer consistent with the view taken by the Attorney General, and with the direction of the audit and lawsuit.

In a nutshell, the regulation asks for records which are intended to confirm whether the preneed payments were deposited to trust. The underlying principal is that the preneed contract represents a sale that the funeral home will book to its GAAP financial records. The regulation defines the funeral home’s cash receipts journal and general ledger as preneed records. The requirements contemplate that the funeral home will book these sales and payments for compliance with income tax reporting. By requiring the financial books and records, the preneed auditor can then track a consumer payment from funeral home receipt to the preneed trust. While the funeral director might not fear the preneed regulator, he is not likely to hide the income from Uncle Sam.

However, the California litigation is not about money that didn’t make it to trust, it is about the administration of the trust assets. In attempting to investigate the administration of the trust, the preneed auditor went beyond what the regulation calls for. The best evidence of the expanding scope of the audit is the defendants' response letter to the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau audit findings. The response letter indicates that one funeral home was cited for failing to have the following records:

• All correspondence with the trust administrator
• Copies of contracts that provide services to the trust
• Records of administrative costs
• Records of administrative costs allocated among the trustee and its vendors
• The portfolio of trust investments

When questioned about its authority for the requests, the Bureau reply stated that the trustee failed to make available “complete financial records for all preneed contracts and arrangements”. This answer fails to clarify what trust and financial records the funeral home must maintain on its premises.

What seems to come through from the California litigation is that original approach to the audit, ensuring the funds made it to trust, and leaving trust oversight to the independent CPA and an opinion, failed the California consumer. But, could the Bureau have better protected the consumer if the financial records have been kept at the individual funeral homes? (No, not without additional guidelines on the management of master trusts and pooled accounts.) And even if such regulations existed, it would be expecting too much from the auditor whose duties entail visits to hundreds of the funeral homes.

While the field auditor is an important element of the preneed compliance program, the program has to include the administration of preneed trust. Does this mean the funeral director must maintain correspondence and records related to the trust’s administration? The best course of action would be to establish a file for all trust related documents and correspondence. With the increase of preneed portability and the sale of non-guaranteed contracts, the funeral director's reliance on the ‘guaranteed contract defense’ becomes more tenuous. In a limited sense, the funeral director is becoming a fund manager on behalf of the consumer.
 

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As reported previously in the blog, the State of Nebraska began to implement a preneed contract database in 2010 when master trusts were requested to provide individual contract data in an electronic format. The request was expanded to all preneed sellers in 2011.

Kansas Secretary of State sought legislation in 2010 for the authority to seek individual preneed data from its cemeteries selling preneed. While the KSOS initial effort fell short, a second effort passed the legislature a few weeks ago. Under this new bill, cemeteries will be required to trust preneed sales at 50% of the sales price and to report those sales (together with deposits and distributions) on a quarterly basis.

Illinois has now joined the preneed database club with an amendment made to SB0675. The bill will require preneed contracts to be entered into a database maintained by the Comptroller within 45days of the contract date.

As opposed to the paper report of individual contracts, the preneed database provides the regulator more flexibility in reviewing information and creating contract listings from which to begin audits and examinations at the funeral home or cemetery.
 

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The Missouri State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors staff has some new faces, and in contrast to most rookies, these newcomers are playing pivotal roles in developing examination procedures for the state’s preneed funeral sellers. The Division of Professional Registration chose personnel with prior auditing experience, but as these ‘rookies’ are learning, there is little in the way of guidelines for the examination of trust funded preneed. Missouri’s preneed heritage only makes their task more difficult.

With one of the nation’s more generous trusting requirements, Missouri is dominated by preneed trusts. Until SB1’s passage in 2009, the State Board lacked rulemaking authority to address the numerous gaps and ambiguities in Chapter 436. Chapter 436 also governed the sale of vaults and burial services, which brought cemeteries into the mix. Allow an industry to operate 25 years without examinations or rules and you get a hodge podge of seller programs, each operating differently from the next guy.

Like Forest Gump’s box of chocolates, the preneed examiner may experience a surprise with each seller he/she visits. While these surprises may not necessarily constitute violations of Chapter 436, they can be challenging when seeking a certain continuity from seller to seller. It is that continuity that will help define the examination procedures to use with the preneed trusts established prior to SB1.

As a consequence, Missouri’s preneed examination procedures remain a work in progress. The initial exams will probably take longer, with the examiners comparing notes and revising the draft procedures with each examination. For the time being, those procedures will focus on whether preneed sellers and providers are complying with new preneed contract and licensing requirements, and with the handling of that the preneed payments are being made to the proper funding agent. One of the procedures to be tested by the examiners will be a consumer letter.

As a part of the final stages of the preneed seller exam, the State Board staff will generate a consumer letter with information from the annual report filed by the seller. The letter will go to each consumer who is making payments on a contract, or who has lapsed in making payments. A sampling (5%) of the seller’s paid in full contracts will also receive the letter. The letter will set out the consumer’s contract number, the sales price and payment balance (as reported by the seller), and the request that the consumer contact the examiner only if the consumer’s records conflict with that data.

As reported by the blog in February, Illinois also has a consumer statement requirement, but it differs from Missouri in that the preneed fiduciary must send out the statement, and provide information about expenses and the trust ‘inventory’.

Funeral directors are fearful that such consumer notices will cause confusion, and lead consumers to believe the funeral home is in trouble. While problems may be encountered, the consumer notice is one of the few procedures available for detecting the small percentage of funeral directors who pocket the consumer’s payments. But if handled correctly, the statement could be used to help to maintain consumer confidence in the funeral home.
 

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A breakdown in communications between the CFDA and the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau has resulted in the California Attorney General filing a lawsuit that can be appropriately described as vitriolic. The “California lawsuit” could provide some valuable ‘what to avoid” lessons for regulators in other states.

In an unusual move, the Bureau went “public” last year by raising a number of issues with administration of the California Master Trust. Some of those issues did warrant an explanation. One issue involves the actions taken by the CFDA subsidiary in response to the 2000 market crash. The subsidiary implemented a plan to stabilize the master trust value after the collapse of a bond fund. Another issue regards the administration fees charged the master trust subsequent to the collapse of the bond fund. A third issue regards the subsidiary’s policy to pay a portion of the administration fees to participating funeral homes.

The CFDA countered with arguments of how its actions were within California law. Those arguments have merit, and were covered by this blog in July 2010. (See California Master Trust: serious missteps, but not another IFDA.) The CFDA proposed that the issues be reviewed in the context of relevant facts, having the Bureau apply thirty year old laws and regulations to the CMT’s circumstances. Instead, the California Attorney General adopted a “quick kill” strategy that employs a two prong attack: involve the consumer and apply the law strictly.

In taking the controversy to the consumer, the California AG has been disingenuous when using such terms as “conspiracy”, “concocted”, and “kickbacks”. In doing so, the AG may end up galvanizing the CMT membership, and getting anything but a quick kill.

The AG’s legal arguments are also somewhat disingenuous. As the title suggests, this blog entry will focus on the AG’s call for a truly independent trustee. In future entries, we will look at some of the AG’s other legal arguments.

In the “First Cause of Action” of the petition, the AG makes the argument for how the CFDA’s administrative subsidiary has assumed unlawful control over the preneed funeral trust. Granted, the CFDA may have gone too far in assuming control over the trustee’s appointment of agents (and discounted the interests of consumers with non-guaranteed contracts), but the AG ignores the fact the master trust consists of thousands of preneed contracts that originates in hundreds of funeral homes. This fact makes the fiduciary dependent upon the funeral home in a number of ways.

The trustee needs preneed contract data for accounting (much in the same way the regulator’s auditor is dependent on the same records to perform his job). As with other states’ master trusts, the association performed a vital role in providing crucial contract administration. Contrary to the AG’s citation to the California probate code, these are administrative functions the corporate fiduciary must delegate. The trustee cannot account for the preneed contract as a depository account.

The trustee also needs input when setting investment policies. The AG would suggest that the preneed trustee cannot look to the funeral home. This ignores that the vast majority of the preneed contracts are guaranteed, where the funeral home has assumed the risk of investment. It also flies in the face of the numerous “No Action Letters” issued by the Securities Exchange Commission.

The manner in which the trustee prepares trust tax returns impacts both the funeral home and consumer. The most efficient approach (Federal Form 1041QFT) has a cost to the funeral home. Consequently, the preneed fiduciary will want the funeral home’s approval.

The ‘independent preneed trustee’ may seem to be a quick and easy answer to regulators, but only if the courts ignore the facts and realities of administering a preneed trust.
 

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For most Illinois funeral homes, March 15th is the due date for the filing of their preneed data with the Comptroller’s office. For those funeral homes that bolted from the IFDA after the master trust melt down, this has been an extremely frustrating process. The majority of funeral homes must file on line, with supporting documentation to be mailed no later than March 16th. Those funeral home operators of Irish descent will have reason to hoist an extra brew come St. Patty’s day: the Comptroller’s office has ample reason to change the contract reporting requirements yet again.

The 2010 reporting forms were changed to reflect SB1682’s elimination of depository accounts. However, the annual reports are still premised on the old IFDA master trust structure that credited consumer accounts with an amount of fixed interest. For each consumer preneed contract the funeral home is required to report beginning principal and interest, additions of principal and interest, withdrawals of principal and interest, and ending totals of principal and interest. In essence, the annual report views each consumer account as a passbook saving account.

No need to beat a dead horse, but the IFDA master trust was wrestled away from the association because the Comptroller determined the trust could not sustain itself. Contracts were being credited with interest rates greater than the trust’s investment return.

In response to the situation, the IFDA selected Fiduciary Partners to succeed Merrill Lynch as the master trust fiduciary. The switch to Fiduciary Partners includes a needed change in the investment strategy of the IFDA master trust: diversification through pooled funds.

To determine whether the IFDA master trust (or score of master trusts spawned in the mass exodus) will be self sustaining, the Comptroller’s office will need to revamp its annual report to track such contract issues as sales price, deposits to trust, and market value allocations. In light of the IFDA’s past use of insurance vehicles, Illinois fiduciaries should anticipate providing detail of their trusts’ investments and transactions.

Other states’ preneed regulators are also drilling down to the individual contract with new reporting requirements. Most notably, Nebraska revised its 2010 annual report to include new disclosures regarding market values, with all preneed sellers to provide individual contract data in an Excel format. The data must also be backed up with trust asset listings and transaction reports. Missouri has also implemented individual contract reporting, and Kansas has legislation pending that will impose similar requirements on cemeteries that sell preneed.
 

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Maybe it’s a response to shrinking state budgets, or the fact that the tracking of preneed funds is becoming more effective, but state and local prosecutors are assuming an expanding role in the enforcement of preneed laws.

While a recent report released by the Missouri State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors reflects a drop in the number of preneed complaints that it handled in 2010 (44 complaints after a spike in 187 complaints in 2008 and 127 complaints in 2009), the Missouri Attorney General’s Office reports having handled 887 preneed complaints in 2010. One of those complaints ended with a former Butler, Missouri funeral operator being sentenced to seven years in prison.

As previously reported in this blog, the new Illinois Comptroller responded very quickly to a preneed complaint by referring a funeral home to the State Attorney’s office for prosecution. In 2009, the Kansas cemetery regulator worked with local prosecutors when a Hutchinson cemetery acknowledged that funds were missing from both a preneed trust and a permanent maintenance trust.

Here in the Midwest, a death care operator could go years without an audit. While some states required some form of preneed reporting, there was little evidence those reports were being reviewed. Consequently, the operator who may have had trouble making payroll had little fear of prosecution so long as the preneed contracts were being serviced. That is changing.

Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska have implemented (or will implement) new reporting requirements (and in some cases, audits). If trusts are found to be deficient or empty, regulators seem to be more willing to turn the matter over to a prosecutor who has a vested interest in protecting voters with an empty preneed account.
 

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If their preneed contract is trust funded, Illinois consumers should soon be receiving statements from the bank or trust company that administers their account. These statements are one of the new requirements imposed by SB1682. The contents of the statements are governed by Section 2.h of the Funeral or Burial Funds Act.

The Comptroller’s Office sought the consumer statement in part to require accountability for the fees and expenses being charged by the IFDA. The Comptroller has brought legal proceedings to force the Association to refund a portion of the fees charged to the master trust. The California Master Trust faces similar complaints from the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau.

One allegation common to both master trusts was the fact the fees being charged were based on a ‘value’ other than the trust’s market value. The regulators have also challenged the reasonableness of the fees.

Another emerging reform issue that could impact this new Illinois disclosure requirement is whether the fiduciary (or its affiliates) receives a 12b-1 fee.

Consequently, Illinois preneed fiduciaries have cause for being cautious when reporting how much the preneed trust arrangement is costing the consumer (and the funeral home).
 

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The start of Missouri’s new era of preneed oversight began when document requests were mailed to sellers on January 3rd. Sellers were requested to provide the following documents by January 28th:

· A current statement from your state or federally chartered financial institution’s authorized to exercise trust powers in Missouri of any preneed trust accounts that you have identifying the payments, earnings, and disbursements for each active preneed contract.

· A current statement from any/all applicable insurance companies with which you have insurance-funded preneed contracts for each active preneed contract.

· A current statement from your financial institution/s of preneed joint accounts for each active preneed contract.

· A copy of a ledger or computerized report showing all outstanding preneed contracts.

· Copies of agreement(s) with providers, agents, funeral director agents and if any contracts are funded by trust a copy of the trust agreement with the trustee.

· A copy of the trust agreement with financial institution for any preneed trust.

· A blank preneed contract currently used by you as a seller. 

If a seller established separate trusts for “Pre88” contracts, “Post88” contracts and “SB1” contracts, all trust agreements should be provided in response to the request. If the trustee has contracted for services (whether it be with the seller or with a third party), copies of the service agreements should be included. Sellers should have revised their preneed contracts since the passage of SB1, and so samples of relevant preneed contract forms should be provided.

From the trustee, the financial examiners will expect a report of the trust assets and a transaction report. The asset listing will be used to determine the trust’s compliance with the prudent investor rule, and the transaction report will be used to determine compliance with deposit requirements, distribution documentation and expenses charged to the trust.

Sellers should also anticipate that the financial examiners may request additional documents or reports before scheduling the on-site exam.
 

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This blog commented a few weeks ago on Dan Hynes’ failure to follow through on his own legislation. Since that post, the new Comptroller revised the Annual Report to eliminate references to self-trusted funds. However, funeral homes that transferred out of the IFDA master trust will still find the report difficult to complete.

The Comptroller’s Annual Report includes a schedule called the Annual Statement of Funeral or Burial Trust Funds, which requires the trust fund to be accounted for as though it were a depository account. The schedule seeks contributions, interest and withdrawals. The schedule doesn’t contemplate the losses suffered by the trust when Merrill Lynch liquidated the fund’s insurance investments.

For transferred accounts, the IFDA made those entries to the schedule required to ‘zero out’ the account. The ‘withdrawals’ reported by the IFDA will not reconcile to what the successor trustees received.

Ms. Topinka’s staff will find audit trail from Merrill Lynch to the new fiduciaries difficult to follow when relying upon the Annual Reports due March 15th.
 

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The ‘deadline’ for Missouri preneed sellers to ‘voluntarily’ report their pre-SB1 trust funded sales is a mere two weeks away. Again, this is a voluntary report. As such, missing the ‘deadline’ or failing to use the Board’s form carries no penalty to the preneed seller. So, why file?

The reason expressed by one State Board member was that the report would give preneed sellers the opportunity to demonstrate their trust was appropriately funded. Funeral directors active before the 2009 Missouri Legislature advised their legislators that the actions of NPS were not reflective of the industry as a whole. Legislators were informed that the vast majority of funeral homes put the consumers’ funds in the bank.

Missouri preneed sellers have three funding options: joint accounts, trusts and insurance. The issue of whether joint accounts are properly funded was addressed with the first provider renewal reporting filed this past October 31st. With insurance premiums posted to an insurance carrier, the Board decided trust funding would be their second priority.

The voluntary trust report is the opportunity for those sellers to put their money where their mouth is. Granted, the financial examinations proposed by the Division are far more intrusive than what had been discussed. But, the failure to back up the talk to the legislature will ring hollow in the face of the Board’s initial efforts to back up the industry’s representations.

Individually, funeral homes need to approach the voluntary reporting as another step in organizing their records in a manner to expedite the eventual financial exam. The goal is to get the exam over with a minimum of disruption and problems.

While many sellers are professing to be ‘as clean as a whistle’, most sellers will have issues. In the absence of regular oversight and guidance, funeral directors were left to interpret the law on their own. Mistakes were made, and the State Board would rather help correct those mistakes than pursue disciplinary actions that clog the administrative hearings docket. Accordingly, sellers could use the voluntary trust report to identify any issues they may have, and to outline their own corrective plan. Be a problem solver.

For those sellers who decide to make the Board examiners earn their keep, the expense of oversight will be pushed higher. The $36 per contract fee will prove inadequate, and the discussion will turn to increased fees. If the data should prove that a disproportionate amount of examination time was spent on small sellers who made no effort to comply, the larger preneed sellers will force the cost of the system to be more equitable. Under Illinois law, the preneed regulator has the authority to tag such a seller with a $20,000 audit fee. That represents 555 preneed contract fees that must be borne by the seller, not the trust or the preneed consumers.
 

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While the Comptroller succeeded in getting SB1682 passed, and into law this past February, the office hasn’t revised its annual preneed reporting form to reflect the law’s changes. The report contemplates depository accounts and self-trusted accounts, which were eliminated by SB1682.

Funeral directors, accustom to the IFDA’s assistance, may also find the trust report section confusing. The annual trust statement requests a break-down of trust funds by principal and interest. With diversified portfolios, the report would make more sense if it sought deposit balances, income and account values.

With transition at the Comptroller’s office, funeral homes will be forced to muddle through the upcoming report. The Comptroller’s office will need to be lenient with funeral homes attempting to comply. Eventually, the Comptroller’s office needs to step back from the old forms and procedures, and seek input on how to revise the annual report for easier compliance by the Illinois industry.
 

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When funeral arrangements are made subsequent to the death of a family member, the meeting with a funeral director can be very emotional. Addressing the paperwork required by law often adds to the stress of the arrangement meeting. Sensitive to the individual needs of the family, funeral directors attempt to balance legal requirements with the emotional state of the individual who controls the deceased’s disposition.

The funeral director’s arrangement paperwork is defined principally by the Federal Trade Commission’s Funeral Rule. The Funeral Rule requires that the goods and services selected at the conclusion of the meeting be itemized with costs. The intent is then to allow the individual to evaluate the selections so that he/she can make any desired changes.

Funeral homes must also comply with the Funeral Rule when selling funeral arrangements on a preneed basis. For guaranteed contracts, this would mean that an itemization statement may be incorporated by the preneed contract. To cut down on the paperwork prepared at the time of death, a funeral director may be tempted to resort to the statement of goods and services used for the preneed contract. While this practice is not prohibited by the Funeral Rule, several factual circumstances would make the practice a violation of the Rule.

The FTC website includes “Recent Funeral Rule Opinions”. The opinions include explanations about various fact situations that impact how the statement of goods and services must be prepared. For example, if the preneed contract includes cash advance funds, the funeral director must consider whether the original statement’s descriptions are still accurate. If the family changes any of the original selections (for example, a different casket is chosen), a new statement must be prepared. If the original statement includes a generic description of a casket, it may not comply with the Funeral Rule.

Using the preneed statement may seem a convenience in saving time and minimizing the stress of the arrangement meeting, but the better business practice would be to prepare a new statement of goods and services. The new statement of goods and services also serves to document the funeral home’s compliance with the terms of the preneed contract. With preneed audits looming in various states, funeral directors may regret the time they attempted to save in the arrangement meeting.

Depending upon Congress, theBereaved Consumer’s Bill of Rights Act of 2009 may impose the same Funeral Rule on cemeteries.
 

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The Missouri State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors will take another step on December 7th towards the process of defining the examination process for preneed funeral contracts. True to mantra that has been repeated over the past several months: this is a work in progress that will evolve as more is learned.

The agenda for the December 7th meeting includes an attachment titled “Financial Examination Process – FAQ”. For the most part, the FAQ is rehash of what discussed at the Board’s October meeting. The FAQ sets out in general terms the steps that will be taken in an examination.

One issue that is not clear from the FAQ is whether the examination will review preneed contract forms for compliance with applicable law. If so, the seller’s contract forms should be included in the Paragraph 2a review request. Including the contract review as a part of the prep work for the on-site exam should cut down on the time spent on the seller’s premises.

Paragraph 2f should prove a crucial step in the process of resolving issues before they reach the Board. If the staff and examiners merely write up the issues and defer all decisions to the State Board, the Board will need to schedule more meetings.

Finally, the FAQ does not offer much with regard to the review of serviced contracts. While the staff’s proposal to review all outstanding preneed contracts drew the most comments, the serviced contract review could prove more instrumental to disclosing compliance errors or fraud.
 

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According to Wikipedia,

Regulation is "controlling human or societal behavior by rules or restrictions." Regulation can take many forms including legal restrictions promulgated by a government authority…….

So, regulators are charged with the task of interpreting “legal restrictions” and determining what businesses can or cannot do. When the applicable law is well drafted, and further defined by regulations, a business has the means to research compliance and develop appropriate practices and procedures. A business may only need to seek regulatory approval when implementing a novel practice. In the context of Securities regulation or ERISA, procedures exist for businesses to seek written guidance before implementing a new practice. But, as California funeral directors have found out, that is not the case with preneed regulation.

The dispute between the California Funeral Directors Association and the DCA’s Cemetery and Funeral Bureau was widely reported when allegations of mismanagement and lost funds were made. In typical fashion, the Bureau set out its findings regarding the Master Trust. The Association’s administrative subsidiary (the “FDSC”) responded. The Bureau was not satisfied, and a war of written responses ensued. Frustrated with the Bureau, the FDSC has now filed for an injunction. (For a detailed explanation of the situation, click here for a recent Memorial Business Journal article.*)

The FDSC would seem to be asking the Bureau to step out of the traditional regulator’s box, and discuss some practical approaches to the issues. We’ve heard your positions and criticism, but tell us how to reconcile these dated, and somewhat disjunctive, code sections, and apply that to today’s facts and circumstances.

History has a way of repeating itself. In 1988, after years of audits, the IRS decided to force a universal method of income reporting on preneed trusts by issuing Rev. Rul. 87-127. Other than terminating reporting methods that it found objectionable, the Service hadn’t given much thought to whether the industry could comply with the new reporting requirements. Nor did the Service think to provide compliance procedures. For more than eight years, the industry struggled to find a way to comply with the grantor reporting requirements. (Some funeral directors are still struggling today.)

If effective preneed reform is the goal, death care regulators need to do more than inform operators what they cannot do. These laws tend to be ambiguous, and regulators need to participate in the process of finding workable solutions.

*Reprinted with permission from the November 18, 2010 issue of the Memorial Business Journal. To subscribe please call 609-815-8145.
 

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In a move to remain autonomous from the funeral industry and its oversight, the Missouri cemetery industry met with its regulator during the summer of 2008 to discuss reform legislation. Disagreements precluded effective legislation from being passed in 2009, but extensive changes was passed in 2010, and became effective on August 28, 2010. Now, the Missouri cemetery regulator has the task of implementing the law, and notifying cemetery operators and trustees of the new requirements.

Missouri’s Cemetery Endowed Care Trust Law (Sections 214.270 et seq) is administered by the Office of Endowed Care Cemeteries. A brief summary of the new law’s requirements can be found on the OECC’s website.

The new law makes substantial changes to perpetual care trusts (Section 214.330), sales documents (Section 214.282) and the preneed merchandise sales (Section 214.387).
Some perpetual care trusts define capital gains as income.

The new law incorporates the uniform principal and income act, precluding capital gains from being treated as income. This change is being imposed retroactively to existing trusts, thus forcing many cemeteries to amend their trust agreements. But, the new law does authorize fixed distributions that can exceed the trust’s income.

The new law also imposes the following requirements on perpetual care trusts:

A. Trust records must be made accessible to OECC examiners.
B. Trust instruments must be filed for approval.
C. Sales documents for interment rights and merchandise must comply with the Law, or the contract can be voided with interest refundable to the consumer.
D. The OECC can order the trustee to suspend your PC distributions.
E. PC deposits must be made on a monthly basis (instead of semi-annually).
F. The PC requirements have been raised for certain interment rights.

With regard to preneed, cemeteries must start from scratch. The prior law provided a low trusting requirement for services (opening and closings), and a segregated account requirement for marker and monument sales. To avoid the funeral licensing and trusting requirements of SB1, Missouri cemeteries must now comply with RSMo. Section 214.387. (To read a prior post on the new trusting requirement click here.)

Section 214.387 will require a cemetery to establish either an escrow account or a new trust, and comply with the following:

A. Escrow agents must be independent of the cemetery.
B. Escrow agreements and trust agreements must be filed with the OECC for approval.
C. Twenty percent of consumer payments may be retained but all subsequent payments must be deposited to a trust or an escrow account.
D. If a trust is used, all income must remain in the trust.
E. Deposits must be made within 60 days of receipt by the cemetery.
F. Preneed reporting to the OECC will begin in 2011.
G. New sales contract forms are required.

Banks that serve as a cemetery trustee will soon be receiving a letter advising of the new requirements. Missouri cemeteries will have more than New Year's resolutions to prepare for 2011.

 

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That’s the question a member of the Missouri State Board asked of his staff last Wednesday during a discussion of controversial examination procedures. Prior to the NPS fiasco, the answer to that question would have been “the Board is”. While SB1 (appropriately) continued to vest preneed supervision in the State Board, the new law also vests concurrent authorities in other state bodies.

From state to state, preneed supervision is assigned to either elected politicians, appointed agency directors or industry boards/commissions. As the Missouri Board was reminded this past week, the criticism made of vesting preneed supervision in an industry board often includes the characterization of having “put the fox in charge of the chicken coop”. But the advantage of having an industry board as the preneed supervisor is the experience those industry members bring to a complicated transaction.

If the Missouri funeral industry looks east to Illinois, it will find peers regulated by an office with a Tuesday election. The Comptroller candidates who would rather transfer preneed to another state agency than wade into a crisis that offers few answers. If Missouri funeral directors then look to the west, they will see that the fate of Kansas cemetery regulation is also dependent upon Tuesday’s elections. But after a year of meetings and warnings that changes are coming, the Kansas Secretary of State election could mean a new direction (or no direction at all).

Death care operators are often frustrated when regulators take actions that demonstrate a lack of understanding of the business (or worse yet, a misunderstanding of applicable laws). The risk to both the death care operator and consumer is when the elected preneed regulator allows politics to influence the reform process. Elected regulators may pose the greatest challenge to developing effective preneed supervision, and then maintaining that system.

While Missouri funeral homes may be frustrated by the past year’s changes, the Missouri reform process has been slow and measured in part because the Division of Professional Registration is contemplating its role when someone asks “Who’s the Boss?” In the future, effective preneed supervision must be a shared responsibility.
 

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The Missouri State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors has released its proposed preneed examination procedures. The release comes just 24 hours before the Board’s October 27th meeting, and so few funeral directors will be prepared to ask questions.

The proposal contemplates different procedures for ‘compliant sellers’ and ‘non-compliant sellers’. With most of the industry concerned about some issue of compliance, the proposal begs the question how the determination of non-compliance is made. The timing of the release and the October 31st renewal deadline suggest that the failure to timely file a properly prepared seller’s renewal may be the easiest way to fall into the non-compliant stack.

The October 27th meeting only allows an hour of discussion of the proposal, so the industry will have to anticipate the time for questions and discussion will occur at the Board’s December meetings.
 

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With the exception of a few states, each form of preneed funding has its own statutory requirements. Consequently, different contract forms are required for each method of preneed funding. So, what does this mean for the consumer worried about the safety of funds paid to the funeral home or cemetery.

Among the pecking order of contract forms, insurance funded contracts generally tend to be among the more compliant forms. The larger preneed carriers understand that if they are to win the funeral home’s business, the carrier must be able to provide the funeral home with the preneed contract form. When there is a problem with an insurance funded contract, often it is because the agent has chosen the wrong form. For example, the recent law change in Illinois requires new disclosures to be made in the contract form. If the agent pulls an old form, the contract is in violation of SB1682.

In terms of compliance, the trust-funded contract may place a distant second depending on who sponsors the trust (and whether the consumer’s state requires the filing of the preneed contract form). While the national companies (and some state associations) are diligent about having their contracts reviewed for compliance, that has not been the case for many independently owned funeral homes. While state associations are due credit for bringing a higher level of compliance to their state’s contract form, some associations (such as the contract forms used by the IFDA) set a very low bar.

The most suspect of the funding methods contracts is the depository (or self administered) account. With this funding method, the preneed seller is going solo without the assistance of an insurance company, the state association, or even a fiduciary. All too often, the operator assumes a contract is a contract, and ‘borrows’ a contract form from another funding method. Or worse yet, the funeral home uses the FTC at-need goods and services form as the preneed contract.

To prepare for a regulatory examination, sellers need to confirm they are using the correct (and current) contract form. Within each funding folder, the seller should establish a current contract form folder and a historic contract form folder. Similarly, the operator will want to maintain a current GPL and Outer Burial Container price list and a historic GPL and OBC price list folder (going back indefinitely).

While many consumers tend to purchase preneed based on personal trust earned by the funeral director, contract form compliance demonstrates that funeral director’s understanding of the preneed law. Preneed contract form compliance is also the consumer’s protection should the trusted funeral director ever be hit by a bus. The next owner of the funeral home will be bound by the terms of those preneed contracts, not necessarily the oral assurances of his predecessor.
 

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For the past several years, most preneed sellers were more likely to have been audited by the IRS than their state funeral or cemetery regulator. That will likely change in the next year or two for operators in a Midwest state.

The common response to an IRS audit would be to throw the relevant records into a box the weekend prior to the scheduled trip to the examiner’s office. But since the point of sale for preneed is at the funeral home, most states begin the examination process at the funeral home. In some states, the historical approach was to initiate the exam with little or no advance warning. Under such circumstances, it would behoove the preneed seller to organize and maintain his preneed records so as to expedite the examination.

While the duty to prove compliance is upon the licensee, few state death care regulators have issued any guidance regarding preneed record requirements. One challenge to providing such guidance is that a different set of rules is required for each method of preneed funding. Generally speaking, cemeteries are confined to trust funding because deliveries are made prior to death (thus eliminating insurance for much of what the cemetery sells). However, funeral homes often use both trust and insurance, and often multiple insurance companies and multiple trusts (Pre-88, Post-88, New Law, Old Law, my trust, state association trust, etc). And then some states also allow for depository accounts.

Sellers should set up different ‘boxes’ (or file drawers) for each method of funding. If the seller has offered insurance, trust and depository accounts, then plan on three drawers of documents. And if the seller has used Forethought, Homesteaders and NGL, three dividers will be needed for the insurance drawer. Similarly, the trust-funded drawer should have a Pre-88 folder, a Post-88 folder, and a new law folder. A folder for each bank used to fund a preneed contract should divide the depository drawer.

For the funeral home that approached the different sources of funding as diversification, this benefit comes at the cost of time to organize and maintain the necessary paperwork. Those operators that take the time to prepare and organize their records will minimize the examination’s disruption to their business, and the potential for citations for non-compliance.

In upcoming posts, the content of those folders will be addressed.

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It seems paradoxical to see preneed regulators ramping up audit programs while state budgets are being slashed to the bone. Yet, several I-70 corridor states will soon implement new preneed audit programs.

Missouri’s preneed funeral audits will be funded out of a combination of license fees and preneed contract fees. Missouri’s new cemetery law did not provide for any additional fees to offset the expense of a new reporting system and audits, and so, one most anticipate the state will look to recover from its expenses from non-compliant cemeteries.

Colorado had a modest, but significant, law change: the preneed regulator was granted authority to assess fees against preneed sellers to fund examinations. With a source for funding, new audit procedures have been submitted for approval.

With regard to cemeteries, Kansas quietly promulgated a regulation authorizing a $20 per preneed contract fee. Kansas would like to use a portion of those fees to implement a preneed contract database that would provide data that would be used in cemetery audits.

Nebraska also has plans to implement a new preneed database for auditing master trusts. In the absence of funding legislation, the Department of Insurance must use a carrot and stick approach with the state’s larger preneed sellers. Similar to the Illinois approach, the Nebraska stick would be the assessment of audit expenses against the non-compliant preneed seller. Illinois’ recent preneed law change (SB1682) raised the possible assessment from $7,500 to $20,000. For the preneed seller found to have issues of material non-compliance, the costs of a full audit could cost tens of thousands of dollars. And then there’s the issue of funding up deficiencies. As the Illinois law spells out, the audit penalty cannot be paid out of the preneed trust.

For preneed sellers from Illinois to Colorado, it isn’t a matter of whether there will be exams or audits, but when. For some states, those exams will come sooner than others. Missouri is currently training new examiners, and could well release them on those sellers who miss the October 31st renewal deadline.
 

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The financial fallout from the failures of NPS and IFDA regarding compliance with state and federal laws has accelerated the decision of many funeral directors to switch to the non-guaranteed preneed contract. That non-guaranteed contract represents a fundamental change in the relationship that is established between the consumer, the funeral home and the preneed fiduciary.

The trust-funded preneed contract establishes a fiduciary account that has two beneficiaries: the funeral home and the consumer. It is quite common for fiduciaries to administer trusts with beneficiaries with competing interests. With competing beneficiary interests, the fiduciary must look to the trust provisions, and applicable state law, to determine who may exercise discretionary authorities regarding the trust.

State preneed laws are written in response to existing practices, and historically, the guaranteed contract defined preneed practices. When the funeral home sells a guaranteed contract it is the funeral home that assumes the risk of the trust’s investment performance. With that risk, preneed statutes typically vest in the funeral home the authority to establish the trust, to hire and replace the fiduciary, and to participate in decisions such as investments. State preneed laws have generally been vague or silent about administrative and accounting issues, and fiduciaries have turned to the funeral home for instructions regarding accounting and income reporting.

With the non-guaranteed contract, the funeral home has both deferred the sale of the funeral (until death) and transferred the risk of investment performance to the consumer. Appropriately, the consumer may have questions to put to the funeral home, the fiduciary and the preneed regulator:

• Must the fiduciary follow a different investment policy with regard to funds held for guaranteed contracts versus non-guaranteed contracts?
• How is trust asset value allocated to the contracts?
• How is income and expenses allocated among the types of contracts?
• How will income and expenses be reported?

For many funeral homes, the latter issue (the reporting of trust income) drove both investment policies and accounting procedures. No one likes to get a tax statement on a preneed contract, and so many funeral homes went to tax exempt bonds in belief this relieved the trust from reporting income to the consumer. But, the IRS requires tax-exempt income to be reported because it impacts the taxability of social security benefits. If the consumer hasn’t received an accurate statement of income and expenses, his account has exposure for a $50 penalty if the trust isn’t being reported pursuant to a Form 1041QFT. (This accuracy reporting penalty more than likely led the IFDA corporate fiduciary to effect a Section 685 election for all master trust accounts.)
 

For the upcoming wave of non-guaranteed contracts, there are only two permissible methods of reporting income: grantor statements to the consumer or a Section 1041qft. Regardless of which income reporting method is used, the funeral home and fiduciary can not simply park the consumer’s funds in a tax-exempt fund. The preneed trust’s allocation of income and expenses for tax reporting will be similar for both approaches, thus making the trust’s tax return a tool for regulators when evaluating the fiduciary’s administration and accounting.
 

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The Texas preneed regulator may have left some consumers scratching their head. On September 16th, the Department of Banking issued a press release that a cease and desist order had been issued to prohibit a Lubbock funeral home from selling trust-funded prepaid funeral contracts. But, a Lubbock newspaper reported comments from the Department of Banking that the funeral home could still sell insurance-funded prepaid funeral contracts. So, how is the funeral home can sell one form of preneed but not another?

With insurance-funded preneed, the funeral home typically acts as an agent for the insurance company. The insurance company provides a preneed contract form, and establishes procedures regarding the administration of premiums. The insurance company also provides consumer statements and regulatory reports. Essentially, the funeral home has a minor role in the preneed transaction once the insurance application is completed.

With trust-funded preneed, funeral homes either act as their own ‘seller’ or they contract with a third party sales organization. In many states (such as Missouri), the state association master trust is a third party seller and assumes the seller’s compliance responsibilities. Those responsibilities include contract compliance (preneed contract form and trust agreement), consumer payment accounting, trust allocations, recordkeeping, and regulatory reports.

Apparently, the Lubbock funeral home acts as its own seller. DOB auditors cited the funeral home for poor recordkeeping, and the failure to deposit consumer payments. There is nothing in the press release (or news article) to suggest the funeral home was guilty of any criminal act or that preneed funds are missing. It is quite possible the funeral home’s inadequate records contributed to its failure to make the required deposits.

The funeral profession is on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and providing service to families comes before everything else. And, for many funeral directors, preneed compliance is an intrusion on the time that should be devoted to families.

But, regulators are warning that if the services offered to families include trust-funded preneed, the funeral home cannot push the preneed paperwork into the bottom drawer.
 

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